Ser vs Estar

Did you know that in Spanish there are two ways to say ‘I am’?SOY = I AM & ESTOY = I AM (from the verb ser) (from the verb estar)

SOY = I AMSoy alto. I am tall.

Soy = I amSoy alta. I am tall.

Estoy = I amEstoy contento. I am happy.

Estoy = I amEstoy contenta. I am happy.

Words with gender!Did you notice that the tall man said ‘soy altO’ but the tall lady said ‘soy altA’?Also, the boy sheep said ‘estoy contentO’ but the girl sheep said ‘estoy contentA’.

Did you notice any pattern with those adjectives? (alto, alta, contento, contenta etc.)Well if a describing word (ie. an adjective) ends in ‘o’ it will be used to describe a masculine noun.But if a describing word ends in ‘a’ it be used to describe a feminine noun.

So, that covers most adjectives that end in ‘a’ or ‘o’. But as you know, sometimes it’s nice to share!So, if the describing word ends in a letter other than ‘o’ or ‘a’ then masculine and feminine nouns can usually share it.

Estoy = I amEstoy triste. I am sad.

Estoy = I amEstoy triste también. I am sad too.

Why 2 ways to say ‘I am’?I bet you’re wondering, why are there two ways to say ‘I am’ – what’s the difference?

Ser & Estar ‘Soy comes from the verb ‘ser’ and ‘estoy’ comes from the verb ‘estar’ . Both of these Spanish verbs that are the equivalent of the English verb ‘to be’.The difference is that these two verbs present the action or state of ‘being’ from different perspectives. Let’s see the what they are.

In a nutshellA general rule might be …Use ‘soy’ (and any other form of the verb ser) to speak of characteristics, to identify or to define.And use ‘estoy’ (and any other form of the verb estar) to speak about states, emotions, actions or locations, .(Bearing in mind that in grammar, rules are rarely if ever absolute and you will likely come across some exceptions!)

For those of you who like acronyms one memory aid might be …That the three letter verb SER goes with C.I.D. Characteristics, Identity & DefinitionsAnd E-STAR – with the S.E.A.L. as the ‘star’ of the show States, Emotions, Actions & Locations.

So let’s expand on those thoughts …‘Ser’ for characteristicsUse the verb ‘ser’ to describe ‘what you are’ or ‘what you are like’ as a person.‘Soy’ is from the verb ‘ser’ and means ‘I am’.

What are you?Soy humano. I’m human.Soy humana. I’m human.

What are you like?Soy amable. I’m kind.

Define your personality.I’m adventurous. I’m timid. I’m friendly.Soy adventurero. Soy tímido. Soy amigable.

Your job & your religionIn Spanish being a student, having a profession or belonging to a religion are considered to be things that make you ‘who you are’ so use ‘soy’ to say ‘I am a student’, or to state your profession or religion.

Tip for the day! Drop the ‘a’.Just a note to remember, when it comes to your profession or your religion in Spanish, you can just drop the ‘a’.I’m (a) doctor = Soy médico.

Soy = I amSoy estudiante. I’m a student.

Soy = I amSoy estudiante también. I’m a student too.

And now some examples with ‘estar’Estar for locations …for locations of people or things (other than events, for those use ser)‘Estoy’ (I am) is from the verb ‘estar’.Estoy en Nueva Zelanda. I’m in New Zealand.

Estar for emotions …to describe ‘how’ someone is feeling.¡Estoy enojada! I am annoyed!

Estar for states …to describe a state that someone or something is inEstoy ocupado. I’m busy.

Estar for actions …d) to describe an action that is taking placeEstoy escribiendo. I’m writing.

So know you know all about the two Spanish ways to say ‘I am’

But it can’t all be about you!So far we’ve only learnt how to say ‘I am’ but I’m sure you’d like to talk about other people besides yourself.To do that we need to know how to manipulate ‘ser’ and ‘estar’ to fit other people. This is called ‘conjugating a verb.

Let’s get conjugating!As you probably know, verbs are all about expressing actions or states. Ser and estar are called verb infinitives.These verb infinitives express the action or state of ‘being’ but they don’t tell us who is doing the action of the verb or when the action is happening. Conjugating a verb means manipulating it to reflect who is doing the action or who is in the state and when it is happening.

Let’s start by conjugating the verb ‘to be’ in EnglishIn your mother tongue, or the language that you learnt as a child, you probably conjugate verbs as you go without even knowing that you are doing it. You usually do it one person at a time to fit in the sentence that you are saying or writing but let’s conjugate the verb ‘to be’ for all the possible people that there are.Firstly, we need to decide which ‘tense’ or ‘time’ we want to talk about (eg. present, past or future) – for this example we’ll use the present tense, then we take all the possible people who could do the action and we manipulate or ‘conjugate’ the verb to match the people.Verb infinitive = to beI amyou arehe is, she iswe arethey areNB: Those words we use for the people are called ‘personal pronouns’.

Now let’s try with ‘ser’ and ‘estar’‘Soy’ (I am) and ‘estoy’ (I am) are the first two conjugations of these very important verbs … and now let’s see how to conjugate those two verbs for all the other people who may want to ‘be’ something.

First let’s learn the Spanish personal pronouns.yo = Itú = you (informal ‘you’ for friends or young people)él = heella = sheusted = you (formal ‘you’ for older people etc)nosotros = we*vosotros = you, you all (the ‘informal’ plural ‘you’ for more than one person)ustedes = you, you all (the ‘formal’ plural ‘you’ for more than one person)ellos = they* NB: you will notice that Spanish has four different ways to say ‘you’. ‘Tú’ which is the ‘informal singular you’ that you use for friends, peers or people younger than you, ‘usted’ which is the ‘formal singular you’ that you use for older people or to show respect, ‘ustedes’ which is technically the formal plural you’ but in Latin America it is the only plural you that is used, and finally you have ‘vosotros’, the informal plural you used which is only in Spain. NB: Some Latin American countries also use ‘vos’ but that’s a whole ‘nother story 

And now the present tense conjugations for ‘ser’ and ‘estar’ for everyone!Personal Pronouns Ser Estaryo (I) soy estoy = I amtú eres estás = you areél, ella, usted es está = he is, she is, you arenosotros somos estamos = we are*vosotros sois estáis = you (pl/inf) areustedes, ellos son están = you (pl/formal) are, they areRemember that ‘vosotros’ is only used in SpainNB When usted is written it’s often shortened to Ud. or Vd. and when ustedes is written it is often shortened to Uds. or Vds.

When you don’t need to use the personal pronouns. In English we always use the personal pronouns as well as the verb: I am, you are, we are etcIn Spanish, however, it is often enough to just use the verb conjugation without the personal pronoun. This is especially true of ‘yo’ (I), ‘tú’ (informal you) ‘nosotros’ (we) and vosotros (you/pl/inf).Let’s look at the verb ‘ser’ (to be) for example: yo soy (I am), tú eres (you are), és es (he is), ella es (she is), usted es (you are), nosotros somos (we are), *vosotros sois (you pl/inf are) ustedes son (you pl. are), ellos son (they are).Instead of ‘yo soy’ you can just use ‘soy’ for ‘I am’Instead of ‘tú eres’ you can just use ‘eres’ for ‘you are’.Instead of ‘nosotros somos’ you can just use ‘somos’ for ‘we are’.Instead of * ‘vosotros sois’ you can just use ‘sois’ for ‘you are’.This is because these three conjugations are unique, they are not shared so there is no ambiguity. *NB: Remember that the vosotros (plural you / informal) is only used in Spain.

When you do need to use the personal pronounsWhen it comes to ‘él’ (he), ‘ella’ (she), ‘usted’ (formal you), ‘ustedes’ (plural you) and ‘ellos’ (they) however, they share conjugations so the pronouns remove any ambiguityEg: ‘Es’ could mean ‘he is’, ‘she is’ or ‘you are’ so it usually is better to add the pronoun.‘Él es’ = he is, ‘Ella es’ = she is, ‘Usted es’ = you (formal) are‘Ustedes son’ = you (plural) are, ‘Ellos son’ = they are

Let’s have some practice!How would you say ….He’s tall.She’s happy. (ie. she’s happy at the moment)They are old.We are tired.You’re lazy. (ie. you’re a lazy person)You’re lazy. (ie. you’re being lazy right now)He’s ready.He’s clever.You (pl/inf) are patient.On the following page you will find a list of common adjectives to help.

Here are some common adjectives:Remember that if you use an adjective to describe more than one person you must make the adjective plural: eg. Estoy cansado. I’m tired. Están cansados. They are tired.amable = nice, friendly aburrido = bored (estar), boring (s) alto/alta = tall cansado/cansada = tired contento/a = happy delgado/delgada = thinenfermo/enferma = unwell enojado/enojada = angry feo/fea = uglygordo/gorda = fat flojo/floja = lazy fuerte = stronggeneroso/a = generous listo/a = ready (estar), clever (ser) ocupado/a = busypaciente = patient triste = sad viejo/vieja = old NB: to soften adjectives such as ‘old’ or ‘fat’ etc the diminutive form is often used. Viejo becomes viejito, vieja becomes viejita, gordo becomes gordito and gorda becomes gordita. This makes the adjective more affectionate and gives it a cuteness so to speak. Eg. gordito is more like saying ‘little fatty’ instead of ‘fatso’.

How did you do?Él es alto. He’s tall.Ella está contenta. She’s happy. (at the moment)Ellos son viejos. They are old.(Nosotros) estamos cansados. We are tired.(Tú) eres flojo. Ud.es flojo. You’re lazy. (a lazy person)(Tú) estás flojo. Ud. está flojo. You’re lazy. (being lazy right now)Él está listo. He’s ready.Él es listo. He’s clever.(Vosotros) estáis pacientes. You (pl/inf) are patient.NB: Usted is often written as Ud. or Vd. and ustedes is often written as Uds. or Vds.

So now you should be able to use ‘ser’ and ‘estar’ well – all the best!